Vitamin E Serum , a topically administered antioxidant, reduces erythema, photoaging, photocarcinogenesis, edema, and skin hypersensitivity associated with exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Topical use this formulations that contain squalane and vitamin E may therefore reduce the number and delay the onset of UVB-related skin cancer. Vitamin E serum are of potential use in cosmetics such as locally acting anti-aging treatments because of the antioxidant effects of vitamin E and other ingredients.
This powerful antioxidant serum has the ability to penetrate the lipid cell walls to protect against oxidation. It improves smoothness and softness, thus reducing facial fine lines & wrinkles. Its antioxidant properties is enhanced by vitamin A, Qoenzime Q10 which acts as its regenerator to continue scavenging free radicals.

Vitamin E ( d-Tocotrienol) is one of the most important phytonutrients in edible oilsoriginating from plants. Is a fat-soluble antioxidant.
There are three groups of vitamin E : tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma and delta), tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) and tocomonoenol. Tocopherols are composed of four known forms with a saturated phytol side chain:  the a-,b-,g-, and d-tocopherols, the tocotrienols are composed of six forms with 3 double bonds in the side chain:   a-, b-, g-, d-tocotrienols and desmehyl-tocotrienols, and the tocomonoenols composed of two known forms with one double bond in the side chain:   a- and d-tocomonoenols.
Of these, alpha-tocopherol has been most studied as it has the highest bioavailability. It has been claimed that alpha-tocopherol is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant, and that it protects cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. This would remove the free radical intermediates and prevent the oxidation reaction from continuing. The oxidised alpha-tocopheroxyl radicals produced in this process may be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol. The most active form of vitamin E was considered a-tocopherol, which is a 6-hydroxychroman derivative with methyl groups in position 2, 5, 7, and 8 and a phytyl side chain attached at carbon 2. The d-tocotrienol is the earliest member of the group is formed in plants, methylation leading to the other tocotrienols and hydrogenation producing the respective tocopherols.
The natural tocotrienols exist as D-stereoisomers: D-a-tocotrienol, D-b-tocotrienol, D-g-tocotrienol and D-d-tocotrienol.
Two novel tocotrienols were isolated from stabilized and heated rice bran. They were named desmethyl- and didesmethyl-tocotrienols as they have only one or no methyl group on the 6-hydroxychromane nucleus, respectively. It was shown that they have much greater antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and antitumor properties than the other components of vitamin E.

The term "vitamin E" should be used for all tocopherol, tocotrienol and tocomonoenol derivatives exhibiting the biological activity of d-a-tocopherol. The term "tocopherol" should be used for all methyl tocols. Since tocotrienols have some vitamin E activity, "tocopherol" is not synonymous with "vitamin E".

Tocotrienol is a more potent  and  better antioxidant form of vitamin E.

Natural tocotrienols exist in four different forms or isomers, named alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta- tocotrienol, each which contain different number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. The major structural difference from tocopherol is through its unsaturated side chain that has three double bonds in its farnesyl isoprenoid tail. All of the isomers have been demonstrated to have some level of antioxidant activity due to the donating hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group on the chromanol ring that might reduce free radicals in the body.

Alpha-tocotrienol has been shown to be 40 - 60 times more potent than alpha-tocopherol as an antioxidant in the prevention of lipid peroxidation.  Tocotrienols are more potent in their anti-oxidation effect than the common forms of tocopherol due to significant differences in chemical structure. The tocotrienol tail has three double bonds while the tocopherol tail has none. In the chemical parlance, bonds are the forces that keep atoms together. A single bond means the atoms share two electrons, a double bond means they share four electrons. The structural name for alpha-tocopherol is 2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethyl-2-(4', 8', 12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol. The structural name for alpha-tocotrienol is 2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethyl-2-(4', 8', 12'-trimethyltrideca-3', 7', 11'-trienyl)-6- chromanol.

The unsaturated side-chain in tocotrienols makes them penetrate tissues with saturated fatty layers more efficiently, making them potentially more useful for cosmetic products. Tocotrienols are well-absorbed (better than tocopheol) by the skin and thus are well suited for use as a Vitamin E.

Preferentially accumulates at the stratum corneum of the skin. First line of defense against free radicals generated in the skin by UV/ozone rays. Prevention of skin aging and damage by oxidative rays. Being a more potent antioxidant, the tocotrienols neutralizes free radicals at a faster rate and hence protect tocopherols.
Protection against UV-induced skin damage and skin aging.

Tocotrienol-treated skin contained Vitamin E at concentration 7-30 fold higher than control values. Tocotrienol augments the efficacy of sunscreens containing compounds that reduce penetration of or absorb ultraviolet radiation.
While tocopherols are generally present in common vegetable oils (i.e. soy, canola), tocotrienols, on the other hand, are concentrated in cereal grains (ie. oat, barley, and rye, rice bran), with the highest level found in crude palm oil. Tocotrienols is mainly obtained from natural sources, such as palm or rice bran oil, labelled as 'd-tocotrienols'. Tocotrienols concentrates and isomers can be obtained through purification processes.
Humans and animals are unable to synthesize vitamin E, they must obtain it from plant sources. Whereas various homologues are found in plants, only a-tocopherol and a lower proportion of g-tocopherol are present in human and animal tissues including blood.

The main function of d-Tocotrienol in humans appears to be that of an antioxidant. Free radicals are formed primarily in the body during normal metabolism and also upon exposure to environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke or pollutants. Fats, which are an integral part of all cell membranes, are vulnerable to destruction through oxidation by free radicals. The fat-soluble vitamin, d-Tocotrienol, is uniquely suited to intercept free radicals and thus prevent a chain reaction of lipid destruction. Aside from maintaining the integrity of cell membranes throughout the body, d-Tocotrienol also protects the fats in low density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation. Lipoproteins are particles composed of lipids and proteins that transport fats through the bloodstream.

The anti-oxidant activity of Vitamin E is based on the ease with which the hydrogen on the hydroxyl group of the chroman ring can be donated to neutralize a free radical (creating a more stabile pheroxyl radical). As with phospholipids, the polar chroman ring tends to stay near the edges of the membrane, whereas the hydrophobic core will be buried deep into the membrane. When a phospholipid tail becomes peroxidized by a free radical, the tail becomes more polar and migrates to the surfaces where it can meet the tocopherol chroman ring to be neutralized, while forming a tocopheroxyl radical. The peroxyl radical can be reduced (restored) to d-Tocotrienol directly by Ubiquinol or Vitamin C - and then by glutathione or lipoic acid (via Vitamin C), which are in turn reduced by NADH or NADPH.

As a lipid-phase anti-oxidant which protects the membranes of cells and mitochondria, vitamin E would be expected to boost the immune system and to protect against cancer. Vitamin E supplements significantly boosted immune response in a randomized control trial of healthy elderly subjects

Several other functions d-Tocotrienol have been identified that are not likely related to its antioxidant capacity. For instance, d-Tocotrienol is known to inhibit the activity of protein kinase C, an important cell-signaling molecule. d-Tocotrienol appears to also affect the expression and activities of molecules and enzymes in immune and inflammatory cells.


CoEnzyme Q10 account for most of the anti-oxidant activity in biological lipids, notably in the membranes of cells and mitochondria. Lipid peroxidation is a chain reaction of free radical damage that is primarily interrupted by Vitamin E, far exceeding the free-radical scavenging by CoEnzyme Q10. CoEnzyme Q10 is more hydrophobic than Vitamin E and is therefore less mobile in cell membranes.
But CoEnzyme Q10 functions to regenerate d-Tocotrienol by reducing (adding hydrogen to) the tocopheroxyl radical. CoEnzyme Q co-supplementation with Vitamin E eliminates the pro-oxidant potential of Vitamin E, resulting in greatly reduced lipid peroxidation.


Hazelnut Oil, Unrefined (Corylusavellana) is a cold-pressed oil. It is the only nut oil with mildly astringent properties, making it ideal for use in skin care and cosmetic preparations for oily or acne-prone skin. It also contains significant quantities of Vitamin E and is high in Essential Fatty Acids (EFA's) like linoleic acid, making it beneficial for dry, irritated skin.
Hazelnut Oil exhibits some UV ray protection. It is a highly unsaturated vegetable oil that boasts of its fine texture. Is easily absorbable and therefore penetrates fastly into the skin.

Hazelnut oil has proved to be very effective in tightening the skin, thereby acting as a superb toner for the skin. It also aids in the regeneration of cells and strengthening of capillaries.
The oil is also known to efficiently play the role of an astringent. For acne prone skin, it is of utmost importance.
Hazelnut oil provides soothing and relaxing effects to the skin. It also has the ability to filter the rays of sun.




Helichrysum, Organic Pure Essential Oil of (Helichrysum italicum):is a precious essential oil, helichrysum is a potent healer and tissue repair stimulant.
The unique components of this oil is  serotinum include a very high level of Neryl Acetate (37.23%), the anti-spasmodic constituent, the anti-inflammation constituents of α-, β- and γ-curcumenes (14.01%), and a balanced profile of regenerative di-ketones (11.55% total).The curcumenes are potent anti-inflammates (also found in Ginger essential oil, for example) and are known chelators of metals in the body. The di-ketones are molecules unique to this oil, thought to stimulate tissue regeneration, and are one of the reasons you'll find Helichrysum in scar-reduction and wound healing formulas.

Its strong anti-inflammatory properties make it an excellent skin care treatment for dermatitis, acne and eczema, while its soothing and healing characteristics make it wonderful and effective. It is more anti-inflammatory than German Chamomile, more tissue regenerating than lavender, more cicatrisant (helping the formation of scar tissue) than frankincense.

Helichrysum is the oil of choice for healing scar tissue, whether from a recent wound, or tissue that has been scarred for years. It helps a scab to form and tissue to repair itself.

Has skin-rejuvenating properties and remarkable effects on sensitive and inflamed skin. Help fade under eye circles. Has a powerful anti-inflammatory action that can alleviate gum inflammation. It has been found to be extremely useful in severe burns and in the regeneration of tissue during wound healing. The oil prevent swelling and discoloration, improves skin conditions.
Therapeutic Properties: anti allergenic, healing in skin treatments, anti bruising agent, wound healer ,anti-inflammatory ( alleviates inflammation, cooling ), cicatrisant ( cell-regenerative for skin) healing for scars (increases production of new cells), more effective in treating acne than tea tree oil.

Helichrysum essential oil is known as the "everlasting" or "immortal" essential oil.

Hemp Seed Oil, Organic (Cannabis sativa): has the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids and the highest amount of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (linoleic (57%) and linolenic (19%) acids). Medicinal uses for the Hemp plant seed extend as far back as the Ming Dynasty. It contains more naturally occurring essential fatty acids than any other plant-derived oil and a perfect 3:1 Omega-6; Omega 3: EFA ratio. The oil also contains the natural anti-oxidant Vitamin E and phytosterols which block cholesterol absorption. It contains carotene, phospholipids, as well as a number of minerals, including calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium and phosphorus.

Hemp oil penetrates the skin to re-moisturize, revive and repair cells damaged by the elements. It helps to heal skin lesions, balance dry skin and fight skin inflammations.

It is a non-greasy, emollient and moisturizing compound with excellent anti-aging and moisture balancing properties. Hemp Seed Oil is a natural source of essential fatty acids vital in preventing cell loss, regulating skin's moisture barrier and maintaining elasticity.
The antioxidants in Hemp Seed Oil reduce the free radical destruction of the skin cell membranes that causes the visible effects of skin aging such as liver spots and wrinkles. The linoleic and linolenic fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory properties that reduce the incidence of spots and inflammations such as acne and other skin complaints.
The oil can help to reduce the incidence of lesions of the skin and to prevent dry skin from developing into inflammatory conditions. It helps to keep the skin healthy and free from the early signs of aging. As skin ages, the level of substances known as ceramides reduces and they become less flexible due to the reduction in degree of saturation of the fatty acids that keep them flexible. By applying hemp seed oil to skin and rubbing it well in, you compensate for the reduction in ceramides, and help the skin to retain its flexibility. The overall effect is a reduction in wrinkles and maintenance of the youthful appearance of your skin.
The oil also contains all of the nine essential amino acids that you have to take into your body, because it cannot produce them on its own. These acids are necessary for the biosynthesis of proteins and ultimately the DNA needed for the regeneration of new skin cells. It also contains around 23% protein that is also an essential component in the regeneration of new body cells to replace those destroyed by the oxidative stress of free radical action.
Furthermore, it has been established that the linoleic and linolenic fatty acids (Omega 6) have a positive effect in the treatment of what is known as 'acne skin', due to their anti-inflammatory properties preventing the eruption of pustules and cysts

Sage, Pure Essential Oil of (Salvia officinalis) extracted from Salvia officinalis of the Labiatae family has a strong, spicy herbal scent, and is a potent antiseptic. It stimulates blood circulation and tightens the skin, making it an excellent additive for anti-aging, anti-wrinkle natural skin care and cosmetic formulations. Sage essential oil is also healing for dermatitis and eczema.
The main chemical components of Sage essential oil are linalool, linalyl acetate, a-terpineol, caryophyllene, alpha-terpineol, geraniol, and neryl acetate, sclareol and germacrene D. Sclareol, which has an estrogen-like structure that may contribute to the health of tissues and cells. Is reputed to contain phyto-hormones with estrogen-like properties it is favoured as an 'anti-aging' factor.
The therapeutic property of Sage essential oil  in skincare include that of being an astringent, as well as antiseptic and anti-bacterial. It also balances the production of sebum, and eliminates over-dry or over-oily skin.It also acts as a tonic on the skin and has a mild effect on encouraging cell regeneration. It is good for puffiness of the skin and fluid retention with tonic and soothing properties. Promote a fresh, young looking skin.

Sandalwood, Pure Essential Oil of and Hydrosol (Santalum album): is a rarer, semi-precious essential oils. Sandalwood oil originates in India from a now dangerously over cultivated species of tree. The Sandalwood essential oil used in Herbal Luxuries products is harvested from farmed trees in a more ecologically sound manner. Still, it is used sparingly so as to avoid placing Sandalwood on the endangered species list. Sandalwood essential oil is known for its beautiful, rich, heavy, sensual aroma, and is used extensively in incense, and as a fixative or base note in perfumes and colognes. When inhaled, Sandalwood is an aphrodisiac, and is uplifting and anti-depressive. As a skin care and cosmetic additive, the essential oil is excellent for treating inflamed, cracked, or chapped skin, and promotes the formation of new skin cells.
Sea Buckthorn Oil (Hippophaerhamnoides) has long been praised in Europe and Asia as a remarkable healing and nutritional powerhouse. The berries of the Sea Buckthorn plant, from which the oil is cold-pressed, are the richest known natural source (non-animal) of Vitamins A and E, as well as the Carotenoids and Flavonoids.   Contains more vitamin E (d-alpha-Tocopherol) than any other oil. The oil is also extremely rich in Vitamins B1, B, K and P, Essential Fatty Acids - Omega-3 (30%), Omega-6 (40%), and Omega-9 (19%) -, Phytosterols, as well as dozens of other essential micronutrients. All of these nutrients are essential to the care and maintenance of healthy skin.

Studies conducted in 20th century confirm numerous beneficial nutritional properties of Sea Buckthorn. The berries appear to be an unsurpassed natural source of vitamins A and several other carotenes, vitamin E and several other tocopherols. Sea Buckthorn berries are second only to Rose hips and Acerola in vitamin C content. They are also rich in several other vitamins, including B1, B2, K and P as well as in numerous flavonoids. Furthermore, the berries have remarkably high content of essential fatty acids and phytosterols.

Biological studies suggest that the restorative action of the Sea Buckthorn oil may be in part due to its high content of essential fatty acids (EFA), carotenes, tocopherols and phytosterols, which are all important for the maintenance of a healthy skin. The EFA content in the Sea Buckthorn oil extract is 80 - 95%. Major EFAs are oleic (C18:1) and linoleic(C18:2). Others are pentadecenoic (C15:1), palmitoleic (C16:1), heptadecenoic (C17:1), linolenic (C18:3), eicosenoic (C20:1), eicosadienoic (C20:2), erucic (C22:1) and nervonic (C24:1). Among the carotenes found in Sea Buckthorn are alfa- and beta-carotenes, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, taraxanthin and phytofluin. Tocopherols are mostly represented by vitamin E and gamma-tocopherol. Phytosterols of Sea Buckthorn include beta-sitosterol, beta-amirol and erithrodiol.

Inhibit a variety of harmful bacteria such as E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Typhoid bacillus, and Bacillus dysenteria. It helps to increase the activity of interleukin-2 and the formation of T cells due to its powerful antioxidants. In addition, the flavonoids in the oil help to lower the level of total cholesterol and triglycerides while improving the level of HDL (the good cholesterol) in the body.

It is used as active ingredient in anti-aging and medicinal skin care products.
Sea Buckthorn oil is traditionally utilized to promote the healing of skin injuries, such as burns, sores, wounds, eczema and help improve conditions of mucous membranes. Due to the high content of nutrients essential for the metabolism of skin cells, Sea Buckthorn oil is applied to combats wrinkles, dryness and other symptoms of malnourished or prematurely aging skin.

New studies also prove that seabuckthorn oil can play a key role in combating acne and rosacea.

The oil has the ability to counteract the damaging effects of sun and radiation exposure, heal wounds and burns, regenerate tissues and reverse/reduce scarring, treat acne, dermatitis, eczema, and skin rashes, and to nourish, rejuvenate and moisturize dry, wrinkled, aging skin.

Applying it topically can strengthen, thin, and soften the skin and reduce swelling, scarring, and inflammation. This allows the skin to get out of the inflammatory cycle and start healing.

Seabuckthorn oil protects, heals and regenerates damaged skin. Shows excellent skin caring properties for dry and sensitive skin.It is an effective skin care remedy and cosmetic aid with nourishing, revitalizing, and restorative action

The oil has a deep red color from the high carrotenoid concentration. It may impart a hue on your skin for a few minutes while it absorbs.

Squalene (Olea europeae isolates) naturally derived from Olive Oil isolates, is magnificent in skin regeneration recipes.
Discovered in 1909 by a scientist who wanted to find out why sharks never get cancer. May found from shark cartilage and liver also, but we use in our products only the non animal origins plant squalene.

Vegetable Squalene is made from the deodorization distillates obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of Olive oil. Olives contain the largest percentage of squalene among all of the commonly known vegetable oils. It is also found in very small amounts in wheat germ oil, rice bran oil and yeast. Squalane is a very stable substance and has a long shelf life.

Squalene is non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic, completely natural and completely compatible with the human epidermis according to the normal tests applied for the evaluation of cosmetic materials. In appearance, squalane is a colourless liquid oil which is odourless and tasteless. It has been shown to have a high safety factor when taken orally, parenterally, applied locally to skin and mucous membranes and on inhalation.
Squalene has been extensively researched and, as an oxygen carrier, found to play a key role in maintaining health.
Squalene is the principal hydrocarbon found in human skin sebum.  It is also naturally found in olive oil and has a similar chemical structure to vitamin A. It is a powerful emollient that adds suppleness to the skin's texture.

So squalene occurs naturally in the sebumand in the hydrolipidic film of human skin. Human skin contains 12% Squalene, which is its principal lipid, natural emollient, moisturiser and skin anti-oxidant. So the squalene is one of the key constituents of the cementing lipids. These lipids interact with the glycolipids present in the skin to help maintain the proper barrier function, skin flexibility and suppleness.

Squalene oxygenates skin cells by accelerating new cell growth, therefore also being effective in healing old and new scar tissue. Squalene is also a naturally occurring substance found in olives. It is bio-compatible with the skin and has a similar molecular structure to the Squalene secreted by the skin's oil glands.

They have an equivalent effect of placing glad wrap over your skin. Squalene derived from organic olives, allows the skin to breathe and function naturally, resulting in optimum skin health and natural beauty, however it is a vital ingredient that our skin needs on a daily basis.


The amount in our skin declines as we age, consequently causing dehydration, sensitivity and ageing. So topical application helps maintain the moisture and especially treats the skin for roughness, and dryness. Our squalene based products help to replenish the Squalene in the skin, naturally.

Sunflower Oil, High Oleic (Helianthus annus) obtained from the milling of the seeds from the sunflower; a very light non-volatile oil, high in unsaturated fatty acids. It is rich in vitamins A, D, and especially in vitamin E and essential fatty acids. Sunflower oil is very high in essential fatty acids and helps to moisturize, regenerate and condition the skin.

In skin care products, sunflower is one of the favorite of softening emollients. Sunflower oil has a light texture and is easily absorbed by skin, making it excellent for use in lotions.


Sunflower Oil is light in taste and appearance and supplies more vitamin E than any other vegetable oil. It is a combination of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats with low saturated fat levels.
Sunflower Oil is liquid at room temperature and the refined oil is clear and slightly amber-coloured with a slightly fatty odour. Sunflower oil can retain moisture in the skin. However, it may also provide a protective barrier that resists infection.

Avocado Oil - unrefined (Persea Americana) is a highly therapeutic and extremely deep penetrating oil. It is rich in vitamins A, B1, B2 Panthothenic acid, vitamin D and E, protein. Contains, minerals potassium magnesium, beta-carotene and more than twenty percent essential monounsaturated fatty acids, but contains no cholesterol and extremely low in saturated fat.
The monounsaturated fatty acids contained are palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. Obtained from the pulp of the fruit. (Avocado is an American and Middle Eastern native. The oil should be obtained by the cold pressing method.) The rich textured nourishing avocado oil is high in unsaponifiables. Is used in cosmetics and skin care preparations for its moisturizing and nourishing properties.
Avocado oil significantly increases the amount of water soluble collagen in the dermis - which normally is under attack as we grow older. This is mainly due to the vitamin and mineral content in avocado oil. Vitamins A, D, and E when applied topically act as powerful antioxidants and free radical scavengers, and when combined together they promote natural collagen production in the skin therefore helping to improve skin's texture, firmness, smoothness, and good pigmentation. All these essential vitamins in avocado oil collectively with high concentration of potassium are also an important factor in epidermal cell turnover.

Has excellent penetrating qualities, softens and regenerates skin.
It's a very good nutrient for dry skin. Highly compatible with human skin, this oil also offers some natural UV ray protection.
It is well-known as an oil suitable for oily skin types, but can be used with equal effectiveness on dry and irritated skins also.
Fatty Acid content in avocado oil helps protect the skin; they prevent the evaporation of water from the skin surface.

By blocking the evaporative loss of water, fatty acids increase the water content of skin, keeping skin moisturized and supple, improving elasticity and long term water-retention capability.
It is also high in sterolins, which are reputed to reduce age spots, help heal sun damage and scars. It is the sterolins (also called plant steroids) in the oil that helps to soften the skin and imparts a superior moisturizing effect.

For this reason it is an ideal ingredient to include in a serum for people with dehydrated, sun or climate damaged skin, as it is an extremely good moisturizing and nourishing compound, assisting in the regeneration and rejuvenation of the skin.
Is very useful when treating sun or climate damaged skin that is dehydrated and undernourished, as it help with regenerating the skin and softening the tissue.

Antioxidants content in avocado oil protect the skin from the effects of the unhealthy UV radiation contained in strong sunlight, the free-radical generating pesticides, traffic and industrial emissions and tobacco smoke.  Without some form of antioxidant treatment the skin would rapidly wrinkled and grow old as it its cell membranes are ruptured and destroyed. Vitamins A and E kill off the free radicals that cause this.
Avocado oil has also demonstrated sunscreening characteristics and has been given the highest ranking by the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology for sunscreen effectiveness when compared to other naturally derived oils.
With continuous use avocado oil regenerates the skin, restoring the health of the skin and improving overall complexion.

Sweet Almond Oil (Prunus amygdalus) is a light, penetrating, non-greasy oil cold-pressed from whole almonds, Sweet Almond Oil is very high in Essential Fatty Acids, in particular Oleic Acid, and is a good source of Vitamin E. It also contains significant amounts of numerous other vitamins and minerals.
Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate (often less formally: palmitate) is the ester of retinol (vitamin A) and palmitic acid, with formula C36H60O2.
Palmitate is the major component of palm oil. The word palmitate is from the French "palmitique", the pith of the palm tree. After its absorption into the skin, retinyl palmitate is converted to retinol, and ultimately to retinoic acid (the active form of vitamin A). It takes two and three metabolic steps, correspondingly, to convert retinol and retinyl palmitate to retinoic acid. The overall rate of conversion of retinol to retinoic acid is low and that of retinyl palmitate is lower still. Therefore a relatively large amount of retinol and even larger amount of retinyl palmitate needs to be delivered into a cell to boost retinoic acid levels and produce clinically meaningful effects.

Vitamin A does not have much of a direct biological effect. It works via its active metabolite (biochemical derivative) called retinoic acid. Only retinoic acid and its analogs collectively called retinoids have direct effect on skin cells and can adjust their physiology toward a more youthful state.
Skin cells have the "equipment" (specialized enzymes) converting various forms of vitamin A into retinoic acid. Indeed, if sufficient amounts of retinol, retinyl palmitate or retinaldehyde are added to the culture of skin cells, the amount of retinoic acid in the cells increases.
Retinyl palmitate (vitamin A) has great anti-ageing, superb anti-oxidant and moisturizing capabilities. With aging, the epidermis tends to thin, leading to a thin and fragile skin - prone to wrinkling and premature aging. Vitamin A increases the thickness of the epidermis. A thickening effect of the skin, has some very valid anti-aging effects. Vitamin A acts as a bioregulator of keratin formation. Vitamin A stimulates cell division of human keratinocytes. It accelerates cell renewal and stimulates the fibroblast and collagen in the skin, thereby reducing wrinkles and fine lines. Due to its anti-oxidant properties, it is also a great anti-aging ingredient, and helps promote a softer smoother skin. It is important for the skin because sunlight reduces the Vitamin A content in the skin.
Clinical tests ascertain the effectiveness of Vitamin A.

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In our bodies squalene is a precursor to cholesterol synthesis. Squalene has a natural affinity to skin, with a natural spreadibility and skin absorption. It restores the skins suppleness and flexibility. It's soft, silky, non greasy touch makes it a irreplaceable base for high quality cosmetics. Its deep penetrating properties help stimulate important new cell growthwhile alleviating the symptoms.  It also provides anti-bacterial and anti-fungal protection for the skin. Squalene has also shown to increase healing, nourish and hydrate the skin and enhance absorption and benefits of other topical agents.


Beneficial effects on the skin include decrease in dryness (one of the most effective moisturizers available) and smoothing of wrinkles and scaly skin. Squalene assists in preventing water loss from the skin's surface. This in turn causes hydration of the skin and increases the percutaneous absorption of incorporated active substances. It helps to restore suppleness and smoothness to skin dried. Squaleneretains moisture in the skin, hydrates the skin, revitalises and strengthens skin tissue, combats dryness and flaky skin,imparts a satin, non-greasy feel to the skin, protects the skin from harsh environmental elements, heals scars, soothing, calming on the skin, restores harmony to the skin, protects from environmental damage.