THE ORIGIN OF WATER ON EARTH

The protosolar nebula is believed to have had a homogeneous isotopic composition. Yet the isotopic composition of water on Earth differs widely from that of the primitive Sun. 
It seems likely that the water came from a meteoritic source, whose water was derived in turn from the interstellar medium.

WATER IN NATURE

In nature we can find water (H2O - hydrogen oxide) in tree states: liquid water, solid water (ice) and gaseous water (water vapors). Water's proprieties are taken as standard in order to state fundamental physics proprieties.
No matter in what physic state, water molecule has an angular structure and it is composed from one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The distance between one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom (O-H) is 0.96 ? and the valence angle H - O- H is 104.5o.


WHAT IS THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY WATER?

Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen, but both of these elements have more than one stable naturally occurring isotope. The most abundant hydrogen isotope has an atomic mass number of 1, but the mass number of 2 (called deuterium and often represented by the symbol D) is present in small quantities. Tritium (mass number 3, often represented by the symbol T) is radioactive and is almost entirely absent in nature. The most abundant oxygen isotope has a mass number of 16, but the 18-O isotope is present at about 0.2% and there is also a tiny amount of 17-O.

The isotopic composition of water (like other chemical compounds) is not uniform. This is because some chemical reactions discriminate between isotopes and because of differences in volatility between compounds made with different isotopes. It is this last effect that is most noticeable for water. When water vaporizes, the vapor is slightly depleted in the heavier isotopes. The opposite occurs when water condenses from the atmosphere; the rain or snow has more of the heavy isotopes, leaving lighter water vapor in the atmosphere. These phenomena are important to those who study the climate, because isotopic compositions can be used to trace the global flows of water and other compounds.
Because of these effects, fresh waters on Earth vary relatively widely in their isotopic composition. In temperate climates, fresh water is about 4% depleted in deuterium compared to ocean water. In the polar regions, this depletion can reach 40%.

Despite this variation, it is important to have a "standard" water which is easily reproducible and against which other waters can be compared. Fortunately, ocean water can provide such a standard. The isotopic composition of deep offshore ocean water is remarkably uniform across the Earth. This has been used to create a standard called Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). VSMOW is the standard against which isotopic compositions of both hydrogen and oxygen are reported.

Standard" values for water properties, including formulations produced by IAPWS, are considered to be for VSMOW. For the most precise scientific work, it may be necessary to convert some values between VSMOW and the water actually used (for example, the difference in density due to isotopic composition between VSMOW and purified tap water can be a few parts per million). The isotopic composition is also important in converting between mass-based and molar units; the relative molar mass of VSMOW is 18.015268 g/mol.

Finally, we can mention "heavy water." Heavy water is normally defined as water where the hydrogen is 100% deuterium, but the oxygen has the isotopic composition of VSMOW. The relative molar mass of heavy water by this definition is 20.027508 g/mol.


WHAT IS THE DEUTERIUM ?

Deuterium (symbol 2H) is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one part in 7000 of hydrogen. The nucleus of deuterium (called a deuteron) has one proton and one neutron, whereas a normal hydrogen nucleus just has one proton. Deuterium is also called heavy hydrogen. While it is not an element in its own right, it is often given the symbol D. It occurs naturally as deuterium gas, D2 or 2H2.
Deuterium was discovered in 1931 by Harold Clayton Urey, a chemist at Columbia University, for which he earned the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1934.


Deuterium is frequently used in chemistry and biochemistry as a tracer molecule to study reaction pathways because chemically it behaves identically to ordinary hydrogen, but it can be distinguished from ordinary hydrogen by its mass. Also, because of its greater mass, chemical reactions involving deuterium tend to occur at a slower rate than the corresponding reactions involving ordinary hydrogen.

GLOBAL WATER CYCLE

Water is arguably our most precious resource. Tropospheric water vapor comes from a combination of evaporation over the oceans and direct transpiration (plant respiration). Energy and heat within the atmosphere is efficiently and continuously in motion through the engine of condensation within the cloud and evaporation below the cloud.
Applying the principles of isotope chemistry to satellite data provides a powerful tool to improve scientific understanding of water vapor. Using TES measurements of water vapor (H2O) and the isotope HDO, or 'heavy' water, scientists have determined that a non-trivial fraction of Earth's water gets into the free troposphere through terrestrial sources.

What are we learning about the global water cycle from TES?

TES measurements of water isotopes are helping track the origin and movement of water vapor throughout Earth's atmosphere, and understand how the hydrological cycle behaves at different locations. Water isotopes are a good tracer for the origin, condensation, and evaporation history of an air parcel, since: lighter isotopes preferentially evaporate, heavier isotopes preferentially condense

Enhanced condensation means more heavy isotope, and enhanced evaporation (water vapor source) means less heavy isotope.
In general, global isotope distributions show increased depletion with latitude, and decreased depletion near regions of convection. ("Depletion" just means that the HDO/H2O ratio is smaller than some reference - usually the ocean.) TES uses a measure of HDO depletion compared to standard mean sea water concentrations of HDO to make the first ever global maps of the HDO/H2O ratio.

Underestimation of Continental Convection in Tropical Water Cycle

There is so much ocean water on Earth that it may come as a surprise to learn that the role of continental convection in the tropical water cycle has traditionally been underestimated. When condensation models are higher than observations, and evaporation models are lower than observations, additional water source terms or processes are needed to explain the discrepancies.

TES profiles also include information on the unique isotopic signals for each source, allowing scientists to differentiate and determine how much water evaporates into the atmosphere from the oceans verses terrestrial sources. Since TES is able to distinguish the water vapor that comes from evapotranspiration in the tropics, certain details concerning the role of plant transpiration as a water vapor source are being revealed.
This TES transect depicts isotope enrichment (red) in regions where there are water vapor sources (notably near the Amazon and the North Atlantic/Caribbean regions). Also, most distant from this (both higher altitude and higher latitude), the vapor is depleted (blue/less red) due to the preferential loss of heavy isotopes during precipitation.

Changes in the isotope ratio are expressed as delta-D (per million). Typical ?D for tropospheric water vapor ranges from approximately -50 (near tropical land masses), to -79 (above tropical oceans), to -250 (at higher latitudes, dependant on season), to -800 in the upper troposphere. High H2O and HDO/H2O ratios over land indicate strong evapotranspiration as the water vapor source. For example, a relatively low HDO/H2O ratio with high H2O indicates re-evaporation of precipitation in tropical cloud systems. Outside the tropics there are seasonal effects which confound simple analysis.

Re-evaporation of Precipitation

TES measurements show that in the tropics, re-evaporation of precipitation is an important process controlling cloud formation. It turns out that evaporation of rain falling from the bottom of clouds is very important - typically between 20 and 50% is recycled during rainfall. Up to 70% of precipitation is reevaporated into the cloud. The identification of rainfall evaporation as an important rehydration mechanism in the tropics is helping to identify and quantify some of previously "hidden" sources of water.

These results are exciting, particularly with reference to the role that water plays in climate. Indeed, the starting and ending points for the arrows on water cycle process diagrams traditionally used in undergraduate level courses, may need to be revised to take into consideration these new findings. Cloud-water processes play directly into the radiative balance of the Earth, and are crucial to understanding climate change. As monitoring is continued we may even gain an opportunity to answer some outstanding questions regarding interdependencies between regional land cover and the global water cycle.

Further Interpretation of HDO/H2O Ratios

Sometimes, the water vapor is extra depleted, which happens when raindrops evaporate as they fall. This has implications for how water resides in the atmosphere, and ultimately climate.
These differences, plus the fact that transport alone does not change the isotopes, allow us to identify specific processes.
Measurements of HDO also contain information about ice cloud formation and evaporation. The isotopic composition of water vapor over the ocean is a function of temperature. Air at high latitudes is HDO depleted due to the presence of stratospheric air. When cloud ice forms, HDO is concentrated in the ice and the air is HDO depleted. If the ice falls out then air has lower HDO. If the ice evaporates, then the amount of HDO increases.

Discarded Hunza Data Revisited

Although deuterium levels in glacier fed streams is known to be less than what is found in surface water, the effect is diminished by rainwater entering streams as they flow down to cultivated areas. There have been numerous claims of people in mountainous regions living exceedingly long lifetimes, even approaching 150 years, but few of these reports have been validated. There was interest in the Vilcabamba region of Ecuador, the Caucasus region of Russia, and the Hunza region of Pakistan due to an article by Dr. Alexander Leaf in the January 1973 issue of National Geographic. However, the Vilcabamba cases were refuted by R.B. Mazess in 1979 and in 1982. Likewise, the longevity claims of the Caucasus region arose due to age exaggeration on the part of individuals attempting to avoid military service. The politics of the former Soviet Union also fostered an image of superiority of people from the region where Stalin was born.  Indeed, the geography of these regions does not promote low deuterium levels in melt water runoff and does not fit the model proposed here. However, the Hunza region is different in this regard. Unlike the Vilcabamba and Caucasus regions, the Hunza region receives very little annual rainfall, only about 4 inches.
The Hunza people receive their drinking water from glacier runoff, which is also used to irrigate their crops. The area is in may ways a high altitude desert. Although published deuterium levels for the Hunza region could not be found, we can make a very good estimate based upon "Deuterium Content of Stream Waters of Glacier Origin in the Himalayas " by Hisao Wushiki.

Himalayan Geological Studies Involving Deuterium

In his 1977 Glaciological Expedition to Nepal, Hisao Wushiki measured the deuterium content in a number of streams that feed the Sun Kosi River. The levels vary by time of the year and location. Streams at higher elevations during the winter and post-monsoon seasons have the lowest deuterium levels. The values ranged from -66 SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water, this scale ranges from 0 at 158 ppm to -1000 at 0 ppm.) for the Sun Kosi river to -170 SMOW for the Ronabuk tributary located on the backside of Mt. Everest, farthest away from India. Much of the snow in the Himalayas arises from moist air that flows up from India during monsoon season. This water is rich in deuterium, but as it passes over the mountains the heavy water precipitates out first, leaving deuterium depleted water, which falls as snow in the higher elevations.

Inferred Hunza Deuterium Level

Based upon geography and altitude we can infer that the deuterium content of the Hunza region is comparable to the runoff from the glaciers associated with Mt. Gosainthan which is at an altitude of 8013 meters and located approximately 700 km inland. Runoff from the Gosainthan glaciers is at -160 SMOW, which corresponds to 133 ppm or about a 16% reduction over normal surface water. The Hunza people receive their water from the glaciers of Mt. Ultar , which is at an attitude of 7398 meters and located 1600 km inland. For this reason Hunza water most likely has a deuterium concentration at or below 133 ppm.
A 16% reduction may not seem significant, however, the Griffiths theory predicts that the adverse biological effect of deuterium goes by the square of the concentration.  Although the true age of the Hunza people is difficult to verify, there is ample evidence to support the claim that the elderly people of the region are vigorous and long lived. This has been loosely tied to diet and exercise, but it could also be attributed to lower deuterium levels in the water and food of the region.


DEUTERIUM STUDIES ON ORGANISMS

Fully deuterated water, known as heavy water, is toxic. However, one must considered that deuterium has been in the environment for a long time, and therefore it is possible that through evolution, humans and other organisms have developed mechanisms to protect against it, or eliminate it. In a manner somewhat analogous to a pH buffer, cells may be able to moderate the adverse effects of increased levels of deuterium.


That the human body has some means of eliminating deuterium is evidenced by the fact that deuterium levels in the body are typically 80% of that found in the nature. It stands to reason that if deuterium had no harmful effect on the body, the body would not attempt to expel it. Finally, one must considered that all organisms on the planet are exposed to low levels of deuterium throughout their entire lifetime.

It has been suggested that deuterium water (heavy water) should be considered toxic because if consumed in isolation it would displace light water and disturb the rate of biochemical reactions in the body.
The existence of deuterium in stars is one of the arguments in favour of the big bang theory over the steady state theory. Stellar fusion destroys deuterium and there are no known processes other than the big bang itself which produce deuterium.

PLAUSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR DEUTERIUM ADVERSELY EFFECTING DNA

Deuterated Enzymes: As early as 1974, deuterium was advanced as a possible cause of aging. One notable theory is that deuterium adversely affects the shape of enzyme molecules, which are involved in DNA processes.
This is the central concept advanced by Griffiths in: The Possible Roles of Deuterium in the Initiation and Propagation of Aging and Other Biological Mechanisms and Processes;
"When deuterium is involved in a chemical reaction, consideration must be given to a slight change in the inductive effect, as deuterium is more electronegative than hydrogen. Hyper-conjugative effects are also involved since CD3, for example, is less delocalizated than CH3, and, more important, the effective size of a C-D bond is smaller than the effective size of a C-H bond. Thus steric effects have a part to play, reinforcing our contention that any highly stereo-specific enzyme molecule containing a deuteron in an important position has a potential for participating in an error reaction."

BODY AT THE ADMINISTRATION OF DEUTERIUM DEPLETED MEDIUMS
In over 70 years which have passed since deuterium was discovered in natural water many experiments were made for the statement of its effects on living matter. The replacement of the hydrogen with deuterium represents an environmental alteration at which the organism (in vivo), respectively the cells (in vitro) if they can't accumulate will disappear.
In this way deuterium's isotopical abundence variations can be compared with the environmental stress factors (temperature's variations, nourishment quantity, radiations, etc.)   
It was demonstrated that while the normal quantities didn't had harmful effects, the increase of ambienttal deuterium concentration (in culture medium, development medium, etc), respectively the increase of deuterium's intrinsic concentration through several methods determines structural, methabolic and functional alterations in different grades .

General aspect of the inducted general reactivity modifications at prolonged administration of deuterium depleted water was of stimulation of the general reactivity, reducal of harmful effects of different noxious agents, especially of those which act through the intensification of the oxidative metabolism or through the induction of oxygen's  free radicals.   


WHAT IS DEUTERIUM - DEPLETED WATER ?

Deuterium - depleted water is distilled water, microbiological pure, with an isotopic deuterium concentration smaller than the concentration of natural water (145 ppm D/D+H).
Deuterium - depleted water (DDW) is a non-toxic product. It is the result of many researches developed through years.

THE MANUFACTURE METHOD OF DEUTERIUM DEPLETED WATER

The numerator of chemical character of the water containing heavy hydrogen is completely the same as that of the numerator of ordinary water. It is impossible to separate light water and heavy water chemically. However, heavy hydrogen has twice as many weight as this as compared with an ordinary hydrogen numerator.

Physical character is different a little. Especially in the boiling point, light water of heavy water is 101.43 degrees to 100 degrees. Heavy water will be hard to be boiled slightly compared with light water. Moreover, also in electrolysis, heavy water has the character which is hard to be electrolyzed. It is enabled to separate light water and heavy water using this character. However, in electrolysis, it is necessary to repeat the work many times to manufacture the light water with high purity. Therefore, you have to consume very big electric power. In the method of distilling and manufacturing water, there is only the method of distilling many times and repeating concentration.

The technique used for DDW production is continuo under vacuum distillation of natural water through distillation columns equipped with high performance structured packing. The technology applied and the installation, assure the production of deuterium - depleted water with any desired concentration in the domain 20 -120 ppm D/D+H.

WHY DEUTERIUM - DEPLETED WATER?

A usual question whose answer can be find in the heart of Nature. A team of explorers found in the high of Tibet a village whose people seems to come from another time; their health and longevity are significant higher than the average. This fact amazes and put two questions: how and why?
It was obvious that live in a world without pollution and stress could have such effects but it was also another important factor: drinking water. The only drinking water available in region was water from an ancient iceberg. The analyze of this water showed a deuterium content much smaller than usual.
Further investigations showed that deuterium - depleted water similar to those found in Tibet can be found also in the polar ice calotte.

Starting from the certitude that heavy water (which is the opposite of deuterium - depleted water) has destructive effects on living cells was made the assumption that DDW could have the opposite effects.

The scientific base was already stated since it is well know that the joints between deuterium and another atoms are much stronger than the joints of hydrogen. This fact lead to the slow down or even to the stopping of many biochemical processes from living cell. It is the reason for which too much deuterium in living cells lead to the decrease of immunity.

The normal question was if it is important the level of deuterium from nature and the maintenance of a natural concentration in human body during live. The simplest way to answer this question was to investigate if the increase and the decrease of deuterium content have any effect in living cells (in plants, animals, and humans).

The researches showed that living cells could feel the change of deuterium level and react by changing the biochemical processes. In the same time, researches that lead to the following conclusions:





Dermatological tests showed a physiological balancing function using deuterium depleted water to helps skin regeneration and restores the optimum cells metabolic activity.

We know that in natural the Deuterium-free water is rare & extremely limited in world.

The structure, composition, formation and function of the stratum corneum have been the subject of intense research over the last few decades. As has become apparent, stratum corneum barrier function is not only dependent on one single component but also on its total architecture. Recent developments in understanding lipid composition have led to a new ceramide nomenclature system, a new proposal for a molecular model of the interactions between ceramides, cholesterol and fatty acids, and the demonstration of the presence of crystalline orthorhombic and gel hexagonal lipid phases in the stratum corneum.

Linoleate-containing ceramide one, now known as CER EOS, have been shown to be essential for the formation of the 13 nm long periodicity phase (LPP) observed by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies, whereas long-chain fatty acids are important for the formation of the crystalline lipid phases essential for barrier function. The role of the corneocyte envelope, its constituent proteins and its transglutaminase-mediated maturation processes have been shown to be essential for good skin condition. Several proteases may have a role in corneodesmolysis, particularly serine and cathepsin-like enzymes. Novel filaggrin polymorphisms have been identified that may be involved in the expression of a dry skin phenotype.

Disturbances in lipid packing states, reduction in ceramide levels (particularly the phytosphingosine-containing ceramides), reductions in the levels of long-chain fatty acids and loss of the LPP largely account for the perturbations in lipid structure that occur in dry skin. The reduced corneodesmolysis that occurs in this xerotic skin disorder is now well accepted and is caused by reductions in the levels and activities of stratum corneum proteases together with elevated levels of corneodesmosomal glycoproteins in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum. Additionally, increased levels of fragile corneocytes are associated with reduced transglutaminase activity and corneocyte envelope cross-linking events.
However, in comparison with the advances in our understanding of the textural changes that occur in dry skin, the somatosensory changes are poorly understood and the itching associated with dry skin is still an under-researched area. The unique biosensor role of the stratum corneum essential for a competent natural moisturizing barrier may also have a role to play in the action of anti-ageing technologies by controlling the expression and secretion of epidermal cytokines and growth factors.
Technologies to treat the surface textural skin problems, enhance the differentiation process, particularly lipid biosynthesis, and to control the somatosensory problems in dry skin have received much attention in the last decade. This paper will review the state of the art of stratum corneum biology and the trends in the management of dry skin.


Light water normalizes any pathology found in an organism. It also improves body resistance to harmful effects of physical, chemical and biological origin. Clinical trials revealed light water's ability to dissolve higher concentrations of various substances and to penetrate membranes easier than ordinary water. Light water showed anti-inflammatory effect and eliminated tissue puffiness.

Recently developed "Langway" water is already available at the US market. Tests proved its potential to refine cell metabolic processes through accumulating energy inside a cell. Light water is highly recommended for skin regeneration stimulation. "Langway" tones the skin, reduces its greasiness, narrows skin pores, slows ageing and helps skin to resist negative environmental impact. Light water also regulates excretion of toxins, salts of heavy metals, cellular debris and infectious germs. Another positive aspect is that such water lowers blood sugar and cholesterol, thus it can be recommended for patients, suffering from diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity and hypertension.    
 
Deuterium depleted-water (DDW) is a new available tool for decreasing deuterium concentration in the environment of cells in culture. Several types of established cell lines, both normal and neoplastic were grown in culture media dissolved with DDW and compared with the same strains, in the same amounts, grown in media dissolved with normal distilled water. Naive mice splenocytes were grown, under stimulation with proliferation triggers, like bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Concanavalin A (ConA) in the same conditions. The growth and proliferation were estimated using the MTT assay. Both established cell types and explanted splenocytes in the DDW-media had a significantly higher growth rate than cell cultured in normal media. In an attempt to identify the membrane mechanisms involved in the growth stimulation by DDW, the membrane proton transporters Na+/H+ antiporter and H+/K+ATP-ase were inhibited with their selective blockers amiloride and respectively lansoprazole. The results, however incomplete, point towards a lack of involvement of the Na+/H+ antiporter and a possible implication of the H+/K+ATP-ase.

Deuterium, which gets into your body by drinking and eating, may accumulate throughout the years and cause the start of deleterious processes which may disturb the formation of collagen fibres responsible for the elasticity of the skin.
Deuterium depleted-water (DDW  is able to reduce locally the level of deuterium atoms in the upper layer of the epidermis, beneficially influences the molecular structure of collagen and elastin which determine the elasticity of the skin.
Results of scientific researches bring us closer and closer to the secret of preserving youthfulness. This way today we are aware that decrease in the skin's water content causes dryness premature ageing, therefore it is essential to replenish the lost water.

However, some parts of water molecules contain deuterium atoms beside hydrogen and oxygen. Scientific researches prove that the natural enrichment of deuterium can accelerate the ageing process of the skin and it can play an important role in the beginning of the ageing process itself.

The deuterium depleted water is able to reduce locally the level of deuterium atoms in the upper layer of the epidermis, beneficially influences the molecular structure of collagen and elastin which determines the elasticity of the skin.

Scientific experiments have proven the favourable biological effects of deuterium-depleted water.
Owing to our outstanding deuterium depleted active ingredient brings innovation in the world of cosmetics.
The local reduction of the skin deuterium level helps to regain and preserve the youthfulness and elasticity of the skin.

Mixing the beneficial properties of this special water with effective cosmetic active ingredients, Dermaflora Hydrolight products offer you a unique solution to keep your skin velvety soft and resilient.
These cosmetics is an evolution of joining active ingredients beneficial for the skin with deuterium depleted water, which results favourable effect on the cells of the skin, it delays the aging process and helps your skin to remain young for longer time.

Deuterium depleted water has a synergetic effect with the Vitamins, so it can improve the products' ability for protection the skin against from the harmful effects.


The Dermaflora Hydrolight cosmetics have unique chemical effects. Together whit the up-to-date active ingredients, the products help to preserve the beauty, youthfulness and health of your skin.